The article considers examples of the ascetic activities of clergy at the top of state power. A few examples of cardinals Richelieu, Mazarin and the Cypriot president, Archbishop Makarios III, confirm the regularity of the nomination to such posts not only of believers, but of those with church rank. These patterns reflect an aggravated domestic and foreign political situation, the need to establish internal and external peace, for which the state and society from the leader need not only experience and intelligence, but also a willingness to take decisive actions, understood as their own mission.

Key words: religion, power, public service, theocracy, papocaesarism, personality.

 

The author undertakes an immersion in such a complex part of political history, which connects the fundamental meanings of political and legal culture, connecting the threads of historical memory and tradition with understanding the ambiguity of the problem of citizenship. The article proves that the fruitfulness of this approach lies in finding political tools for asserting historical responsibility.

Key words: political culture, history, tradition, power, citizenship, responsibility, memory wars.

 

The article discusses the journey of orientalist P.A. Chikhachev and artist Egor Meyer to Altai, Tuva and Khakassia in 1842. The artist Meyer's works depict the landscapes of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the outpost of Arbaty and the village of Monok, where Siberian Cossacks lived. In 1845, an edition of P.A. Chikhachev's "Journey to the Eastern Altai" ("Voyage scientifique dans l'altaï oriental et les parties adjacentes de la frontière de Chine par Pierre de Tchihatcheff...") was published in Paris, where views of the Altai Mountains and Western Sayan with engravings by Egor Meyer were published.

Key words: fine art of Khakassia, artist Egor Meyer, P.A. Chikhachev.

 

Without a certain level of common European identity, it is unlikely that a political or economic union of institutions and peoples of Europe will be able to exist. Unless political, economic and cultural elites are able to impose this unification from the point of view of power relations. Because such elites need strong institutions and a large-scale economy so that they can compete for power with other elites in a globalized world. And their interests are not perceived as their own by layers with a lower level of education and socio-economic status. This is the essence of the so-called democratic deficit of European construction and the root of the political crises that we are experiencing. There is no material basis for the existence of a common European identity from the point of view of common practice, which is the source of cultures and identities.

Key words: European integration, identity politics, political discussion, political institutions, elite.

 

Political culture has absorbed not only millennial historical experience, centuries-old traditions and generally accepted values in political life, but also spiritual beliefs and ideas about the world, as well as various patterns and human norms of behavior. The article discusses different approaches to the concept of political culture, its structure and main functions.

Key words: political culture, state system, socio-political institution, political regime, political attitudes.

 

Political consciousness is vital for any person for the ordinary perception of the surrounding reality related to politics, in which he is included daily as a subject. The formation of the process of political public consciousness arises in the form of social and economic conditions corresponding to a given society. The process of forming political consciousness is not fully understood and is extremely contradictory. The article identifies four basic levels of political consciousness formation, factors influencing the formation process.

Key words: society, state, political system, politics, socialization.

Agamirov N.I., Candidate of Political Sciences, Professor, Russian Academy of Advocacy and Notaries, full member of the Russian Academy of Social Sciences.

Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor of The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

Chebodaeva M.P., PhD in Art History, Research Fellow, Khakass Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, AIS member (Abakan).

Ryabova E.L., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Sociological Sciences¸ Professor, Editor-in-Chief of the International Publishing Center "Ethnosocium".

Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University.

Shuplenkov N.O., Associate Professor of the Department of history, law and social Sciences of the Stavropol state pedagogical Institute.

Shuplenkov O.V., Associate Professor of the Department of history, law and social Sciences of the Stavropol state pedagogical Institute.